Can You Mma Fight With Herpes

nonsense prohibited (2) prohibits

Part 2: Dopamine: the double kiss-cool effect
Dopamine has long been considered the neurotransmitter of pleasure, the secret of our trance of "Sex, Drugs and Rock & Roll". And then we realized just by chance that she played a role in many other areas, such as movement control. Administered as L-dopa, almost miraculously relieves tremors of Parkinson's patients. But especially dopamine plays on our tendency to find meaning in things. I told you about the experience of Peter Brugger in my previous post , which compared the tendency for people to distinguish visual shapes or words from scrambled images. In a second phase, the researchers repeated the experiment after having administered to all subjects a dose of L-dopa. The issues most often decelerate more skeptical of the words and faces, including when there was not necessarily. This experience repeated since in various forms and double-blind, suggesting that dopamine increases our tendency to distinguish the sense of "patterns" in what is perceived. This hypothesis would explain the hallucinogenic effects of cocaine and amphetamines many, whose principle is precisely to increase the level of dopamine. Conversely, they treat psychotic syndromes such as paranoia or hallucinations with drugs that block dopamine receptors ...

Why this funny same molecule would play it on both movement control and the propensity to find meaning in things? To understand this, researchers have measured in monkeys how the neurons release dopamine . The protocol was as follows: we proposed to the animal two images on a screen, one (always the same) was associated with a reward. After have conducted a series of routine actions, the monkey had to choose one of two images he received and fruit juice if it was good. It was found that dopamine neurons (that's how they're called) like crazy discharge when the monkey gets an unexpected reward, such as when he does not know yet the images presented to him. As he gets used to recognize the right image, landfills dopamine are less strong when the reward ... but appear when the image presentation known. Dopamine not only meets but also unexpected rewards anticipation of a reward. That would be sort of the molecule of desire, which allows the brain to anticipate a future reward from a few clues.

A learning system unparalleled
If this interpretation is correct, all elements of the puzzle are in place. On the one hand it is not illogical to imagine that the same mechanism allowing us to link events and a reward is also one that we used to find cause and effect relationships in general. Especially since the terms of the dopamine response correspond precisely to the algorithms used in artificial intelligence systems neural networks: a protocol ideal learning in all.

the way, which explains the delicious sensation that overcomes us when we find a solution to a problem: nothing more enjoyable than a discharge of dopamine! No wonder people become addicted to Sudoku or crossword puzzles, fun to solve a difficult problem is the same as many other carnal pleasures. We understand that even dolphins love to solve problems ! Just enough dopamine stimulates our creativity and imagination. Too much dopamine makes us superstitious or paranoid enough depresses us.
Drive and motivation

Call the strange link that seems to exist between dopamine and movement control. Why do we move? Either to flee or-more-frequently fortunately because we are trying to achieve through this movement a state of well-being (eating, breeding, socializing, scratching, etc.). Most of our actions are directed towards relief or reward. Our motor depends on our ability to anticipate these rewards, so the proper functioning of our dopamine system. But that's not all. That by habituating rats to a certain routine they can receive food, there was they showed much less motivated to perform this routine when chemically inhibited in their brain dopamine receptors. By cons, they showed always the same pleasure (in terms of emission of dopamine) to receive food when they were given directly. Dopamine seems to play both on the control actions and motivation that triggers them.

Side Effects
Klinestiver Ann, a retired U.S. professor and achievement of Parkinson's disease has borne the brunt of this dual effect of dopamine . To treat his tremors he was prescribed in 2005 of Requip, a drug that mimics the effect of dopamine in the brain. The effect on tremor was radical, but Ann was forced to gradually increase the daily dose to relieve herself. Then she literally became addicted to gambling. While she had never set foot in a casino before treatment, this is suddenly obsessed with slot machines, there passing his days and nights without stopping power. In one year, it lost $ 200 000 until it stops processing. His obsession stopped as suddenly as his tremors resumed. What happened? It seems that the overdose of dopamine has two effects opposite to a game of chance. On the one hand he experiencing an explosion of fun when we win when we do not expect it. Then, wildly excites our machine-to-find-the-rules which persists in trying to understand how the slot machine, where there is of course pure coincidence. It is basically like Skinner's pigeons, obsessed and superstitious as the devil.

Two Cambridge researchers have shed light on what happens in the heads of snags and games including the role of blows "almost" winning in addiction armed bandit. When a normal person is able to align two out of three bells on a penny machine, we realized that his brain emits a slight shock of dopamine, lower than if she had won, but enough to give him a hint of fun and encourage them to try his luck again as it seems on track. It is no coincidence that the slot machines multiply the combinations that look like losers to winners: by misleading the cognitive system for players, they instinctively make them overestimate their chances of winning the next move ... until they are disgusted by a long succession of failures. Gold for game addicts, we realized that their dopamine system reacted with almost as much intensity when they made these shots "almost" winners when they actually earned. So, instead of being frustrated by too many losses, these gamblers are filled out in block whenever they come across one of those blows "almost" winners. Believing that the next move will be good, they can not help replaying over and over again. It is conceivable that disruption of dopamine levels in a patient as A Klinestiver has created in her exactly the same type of overreaction whenever she almost fell on a winning combination.

Sport and superstition
Dopamine and sports are a natural mix. On the one hand, the prolonged physical exercise stimulates the secretion of this sacred molecule, which explains why it feels so good after a workout (... well, when you practice regularly, otherwise the curvature effect of outweighs, I speak from experience!). The hamsters that run continuously in their running wheel are literally addicted to dopamine! On the other hand, it's not for nothing that is dope to amphetamine dopamine increases both endurance and motivation. The major sports are often large secreting dopamine before the eternal and I wonder if this feature does not explain that part is as much superstition in sport. Oh sure, we can settle for a psychological explanation: fetish wear his jersey or a good luck pendant, tie his shoe before the left or right always use the same locker in the dressing room may give the impression that the sports' he controls the situation rather than submit to the laws of fate. But I still wonder if a small excess of dopamine also does not have some crazes. As in the Canadian hockey players who have a good laugh ...


Sources:
Hollerman & Schultz, Dopamine neurons year deferral error In The temporal prediction of reward learning Düring (1998, Nature, pdf)
The story is narrated by Ann Klevinster (among others) in a Boston Globe article
the 2007's article on the Neurophilosophy Role of blows "almost" winning in addiction to gambling